add time64 symbol name redirects to public headers, under arch control

a _REDIR_TIME64 macro is introduced, which the arch's alltypes.h is
expected to define, to control redirection of symbol names for
interfaces that involve time_t and derived types. this ensures that
object files will only be linked to libc interfaces matching the ABI
whose headers they were compiled against.

along with time32 compat shims, which will be introduced separately,
the redirection also makes it possible for a single libc (static or
shared) to be used with object files produced with either the old
(32-bit time_t) headers or the new ones after 64-bit time_t switchover
takes place. mixing of such object files (or shared libraries) in the
same program will also be possible, but must be done with care; ABI
between libc and a consumer of the libc interfaces is guaranteed to
match by the the symbol name redirection, but pairwise ABI between
consumers of libc that define interfaces between each other in terms
of time_t is not guaranteed to match.

this change adds a dependency on an additional "GNU C" feature to the
public headers for existing 32-bit archs, which is generally
undesirable; however, the feature is one which glibc has depended on
for a long time, and thus which any viable alternative compiler is
going to need to provide. 64-bit archs are not affected, nor will
future 32-bit archs be, regardless of whether they are "new" on the
kernel side (e.g. riscv32) or just newly-added (e.g. a new sparc or
xtensa port). the same applies to newly-added ABIs for existing
machine-level archs.

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