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path: root/src/thread/pthread_create.c
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2013-04-26transition to using functions for internal signal blocking/restoringRich Felker-8/+5
there are several reasons for this change. one is getting rid of the repetition of the syscall signature all over the place. another is sharing the constant masks without costly GOT accesses in PIC. the main motivation, however, is accurately representing whether we want to block signals that might be handled by the application, or all signals.
2013-04-26prevent code from running under a thread id which already gave ESRCHRich Felker-1/+7
2013-04-26fix clobbering of signal mask when creating thread with sched attributesRich Felker-1/+1
this was simply a case of saving the state in the wrong place.
2013-04-26make last thread's pthread_exit give exit(0) a consistent stateRich Felker-3/+13
the previous few commits ended up leaving the thread count and signal mask wrong for atexit handlers and stdio cleanup.
2013-04-26use atomic decrement rather than cas in pthread_exit thread countRich Felker-4/+1
now that blocking signals prevents any application code from running while the last thread is exiting, the cas logic is no longer needed to prevent decrementing below zero.
2013-04-26add comments on some of the pthread_exit logicRich Felker-2/+15
2013-04-26always block signals in pthread_exit before decrementing thread countRich Felker-2/+2
the thread count (1+libc.threads_minus_1) must always be greater than or equal to the number of threads which could have application code running, even in an async-signal-safe sense. there is at least one dangerous race condition if this invariant fails to hold: dlopen could allocate too little TLS for existing threads, and a signal handler running in the exiting thread could claim the allocated TLS for itself (via __tls_get_addr), leaving too little for the other threads it was allocated for and thereby causing out-of-bounds access. there may be other situations where it's dangerous for the thread count to be too low, particularly in the case where only one thread should be left, in which case locking may be omitted. however, all such code paths seem to arise from undefined behavior, since async-signal-unsafe functions are not permitted to be called from a signal handler that interrupts pthread_exit (which is itself async-signal-unsafe). this change may also simplify logic in __synccall and improve the chances of making __synccall async-signal-safe.
2013-04-06fix type error in pthread_create, introduced with pthread_getattr_npRich Felker-1/+1
2013-03-31implement pthread_getattr_npRich Felker-2/+8
this function is mainly (purely?) for obtaining stack address information, but we also provide the detach state since it's easy to do anyway.
2013-03-26remove __SYSCALL_SSLEN arch macro in favor of using public _NSIGRich Felker-5/+5
the issue at hand is that many syscalls require as an argument the kernel-ABI size of sigset_t, intended to allow the kernel to switch to a larger sigset_t in the future. previously, each arch was defining this size in syscall_arch.h, which was redundant with the definition of _NSIG in bits/signal.h. as it's used in some not-quite-portable application code as well, _NSIG is much more likely to be recognized and understood immediately by someone reading the code, and it's also shorter and less cluttered. note that _NSIG is actually 65/129, not 64/128, but the division takes care of throwing away the off-by-one part.
2013-02-01fix stale locks left behind when pthread_create failsRich Felker-3/+6
this bug seems to have been around a long time.
2013-02-01if pthread_create fails, it must not attempt mmap if there is no mappingRich Felker-1/+1
this bug was introduced when support for application-provided stacks was originally added.
2013-02-01pthread stack treatment overhaul for application-provided stacks, etc.Rich Felker-17/+31
the main goal of these changes is to address the case where an application provides a stack of size N, but TLS has size M that's a significant portion of the size N (or even larger than N), thus giving the application less stack space than it expected or no stack at all! the new strategy pthread_create now uses is to only put TLS on the application-provided stack if TLS is smaller than 1/8 of the stack size or 2k, whichever is smaller. this ensures that the application always has "close enough" to what it requested, and the threshold is chosen heuristically to make sure "sane" amounts of TLS still end up in the application-provided stack. if TLS does not fit the above criteria, pthread_create uses mmap to obtain space for TLS, but still uses the application-provided stack for actual call frame stack. this is to avoid wasting memory, and for the sake of supporting ugly hacks like garbage collection based on assumptions that the implementation will use the provided stack range. in order for the above heuristics to ever succeed, the amount of TLS space wasted on POSIX TSD (pthread_key_create based) needed to be reduced. otherwise, these changes would preclude any use of pthread_create without mmap, which would have serious memory usage and performance costs for applications trying to create huge numbers of threads using pre-allocated stack space. the new value of PTHREAD_KEYS_MAX is the minimum allowed by POSIX, 128. this should still be plenty more than real-world applications need, especially now that C11/gcc-style TLS is now supported in musl, and most apps and libraries choose to use that instead of POSIX TSD when available. at the same time, PTHREAD_STACK_MIN has been decreased. it was originally set to PAGE_SIZE back when there was no support for TLS or application-provided stacks, and requests smaller than a whole page did not make sense. now, there are two good reasons to support requests smaller than a page: (1) applications could provide pre-allocated stacks smaller than a page, and (2) with smaller stack sizes, stack+TLS+TSD can all fit in one page, making it possible for applications which need huge numbers of threads with minimal stack needs to allocate exactly one page per thread. the new value of PTHREAD_STACK_MIN, 2k, is aligned with the minimum size for sigaltstack.
2012-11-11add support for thread scheduling (POSIX TPS option)Rich Felker-0/+29
linux's sched_* syscalls actually implement the TPS (thread scheduling) functionality, not the PS (process scheduling) functionality which the sched_* functions are supposed to have. omitting support for the PS option (and having the sched_* interfaces fail with ENOSYS rather than omitting them, since some broken software assumes they exist) seems to be the only conforming way to do this on linux.
2012-11-08clean up sloppy nested inclusion from pthread_impl.hRich Felker-0/+1
this mirrors the stdio_impl.h cleanup. one header which is not strictly needed, errno.h, is left in pthread_impl.h, because since pthread functions return their error codes rather than using errno, nearly every single pthread function needs the errno constants. in a few places, rather than bringing in string.h to use memset, the memset was replaced by direct assignment. this seems to generate much better code anyway, and makes many functions which were previously non-leaf functions into leaf functions (possibly eliminating a great deal of bloat on some platforms where non-leaf functions require ugly prologue and/or epilogue).
2012-10-15add support for TLS variant I, presently needed for arm and mipsRich Felker-1/+1
despite documentation that makes it sound a lot different, the only ABI-constraint difference between TLS variants II and I seems to be that variant II stores the initial TLS segment immediately below the thread pointer (i.e. the thread pointer points to the end of it) and variant I stores the initial TLS segment above the thread pointer, requiring the thread descriptor to be stored below. the actual value stored in the thread pointer register also tends to have per-arch random offsets applied to it for silly micro-optimization purposes. with these changes applied, TLS should be basically working on all supported archs except microblaze. I'm still working on getting the necessary information and a working toolchain that can build TLS binaries for microblaze, but in theory, static-linked programs with TLS and dynamic-linked programs where only the main executable uses TLS should already work on microblaze. alignment constraints have not yet been heavily tested, so it's possible that this code does not always align TLS segments correctly on archs that need TLS variant I.
2012-10-14fix overlap of thread stacks with thread tls segmentsRich Felker-2/+1
2012-10-07clean up and refactor program initializationRich Felker-1/+1
the code in __libc_start_main is now responsible for parsing auxv, rather than duplicating the parsing all over the place. this should shave off a few cycles and some code size. __init_libc is left as an external-linkage function despite the fact that it could be static, to prevent it from being inlined and permanently wasting stack space when main is called. a few other minor changes are included, like eliminating per-thread ssp canaries (they were likely broken when combined with certain dlopen usages, and completely unnecessary) and some other unnecessary checks. since this code gets linked into every program, it should be as small and simple as possible.
2012-10-05support for TLS in dynamic-loaded (dlopen) modulesRich Felker-10/+8
unlike other implementations, this one reserves memory for new TLS in all pre-existing threads at dlopen-time, and dlopen will fail with no resources consumed and no new libraries loaded if memory is not available. memory is not immediately distributed to running threads; that would be too complex and too costly. instead, assurances are made that threads needing the new TLS can obtain it in an async-signal-safe way from a buffer belonging to the dynamic linker/new module (via atomic fetch-and-add based allocator). I've re-appropriated the lock that was previously used for __synccall (synchronizing set*id() syscalls between threads) as a general pthread_create lock. it's a "backwards" rwlock where the "read" operation is safe atomic modification of the live thread count, which multiple threads can perform at the same time, and the "write" operation is making sure the count does not increase during an operation that depends on it remaining bounded (__synccall or dlopen). in static-linked programs that don't use __synccall, this lock is a no-op and has no cost.
2012-10-04TLS (GNU/C11 thread-local storage) support for static-linked programsRich Felker-5/+18
the design for TLS in dynamic-linked programs is mostly complete too, but I have not yet implemented it. cost is nonzero but still low for programs which do not use TLS and/or do not use threads (a few hundred bytes of new code, plus dependency on memcpy). i believe it can be made smaller at some point by merging __init_tls and __init_security into __libc_start_main and avoiding duplicate auxv-parsing code. at the same time, I've also slightly changed the logic pthread_create uses to allocate guard pages to ensure that guard pages are not counted towards commit charge.
2012-09-06further use of _Noreturn, for non-plain-C functionsRich Felker-2/+2
note that POSIX does not specify these functions as _Noreturn, because POSIX is aligned with C99, not the new C11 standard. when POSIX is eventually updated to C11, it will almost surely give these functions the _Noreturn attribute. for now, the actual _Noreturn keyword is not used anyway when compiling with a c99 compiler, which is what POSIX requires; the GCC __attribute__ is used instead if it's available, however. in a few places, I've added infinite for loops at the end of _Noreturn functions to silence compiler warnings. presumably __buildin_unreachable could achieve the same thing, but it would only work on newer GCCs and would not be portable. the loops should have near-zero code size cost anyway. like the previous _Noreturn commit, this one is based on patches contributed by philomath.
2012-09-06use restrict everywhere it's required by c99 and/or posix 2008Rich Felker-1/+1
to deal with the fact that the public headers may be used with pre-c99 compilers, __restrict is used in place of restrict, and defined appropriately for any supported compiler. we also avoid the form [restrict] since older versions of gcc rejected it due to a bug in the original c99 standard, and instead use the form *restrict.
2012-08-09fix (hopefully) all hard-coded 8's for kernel sigset_t sizeRich Felker-2/+4
some minor changes to how hard-coded sets for thread-related purposes are handled were also needed, since the old object sizes were not necessarily sufficient. things have gotten a bit ugly in this area, and i think a cleanup is in order at some point, but for now the goal is just to get the code working on all supported archs including mips, which was badly broken by linux rejecting syscalls with the wrong sigset_t size.
2012-07-12fix several locks that weren't updated right for new futex-based __lockRich Felker-3/+3
these could have caused memory corruption due to invalid accesses to the next field. all should be fixed now; I found the errors with fgrep -r '__lock(&', which is bogus since the argument should be an array.
2012-07-11fix potential race condition in detached threadsRich Felker-2/+8
after the thread unmaps its own stack/thread structure, the kernel, performing child tid clear and futex wake, could clobber a new mapping made at the same location as the just-removed thread's tid field. disable kernel clearing of child tid to prevent this.
2012-06-09add pthread_attr_setstack interface (and get)Rich Felker-9/+13
i originally omitted these (optional, per POSIX) interfaces because i considered them backwards implementation details. however, someone later brought to my attention a fairly legitimate use case: allocating thread stacks in memory that's setup for sharing and/or fast transfer between CPU and GPU so that the thread can move data to a GPU directly from automatic-storage buffers without having to go through additional buffer copies. perhaps there are other situations in which these interfaces are useful too.
2012-06-02remove no-longer-needed unblocking of signals in pthread_createRich Felker-1/+0
this action is now performed in pthread_self initialization; it must be performed there in case the first call to pthread_create is from a signal handler, in which case the old signal mask could be restored on return from the signal.
2012-05-23simplify cancellation push/pop slightlyRich Felker-2/+2
no need to pass unnecessary extra arguments on to the core code in pthread_create.c. this just wastes cycles and code bloat.
2012-05-04make pthread stacks non-executableRich Felker-1/+1
this change is necessary or pthread_create will always fail on security-hardened kernels. i considered first trying to make the stack executable and simply retrying without execute permissions when the first try fails, but (1) this would incur a serious performance penalty on hardened systems, and (2) having the stack be executable is just a bad idea from a security standpoint. if there is real-world "GNU C" code that uses nested functions with threads, and it can't be fixed, we'll have to consider other ways of solving the problem, but for now this seems like the best fix.
2012-05-03overhaul SSP support to use a real canaryRich Felker-0/+1
pthread structure has been adjusted to match the glibc/GCC abi for where the canary is stored on i386 and x86_64. it will need variants for other archs to provide the added security of the canary's entropy, but even without that it still works as well as the old "minimal" ssp support. eventually such changes will be made anyway, since they are also needed for GCC/C11 thread-local storage support (not yet implemented). care is taken not to attempt initializing the thread pointer unless the program actually uses SSP (by reference to __stack_chk_fail).
2012-02-28fix pthread_cleanup_pop(1) crash in non-thread-capable, static-linked programsRich Felker-2/+0
2012-02-09small fix for new pthread cleanup stuffRich Felker-1/+0
even if pthread_create/exit code is not linked, run flag needs to be checked and cleanup function potentially run on pop. thus, move the code to the module that's always linked when pthread_cleanup_push/pop is used.
2012-02-09replace bad cancellation cleanup abi with a sane oneRich Felker-16/+14
the old abi was intended to duplicate glibc's abi at the expense of being ugly and slow, but it turns out glib was not even using that abi except on non-gcc-compatible compilers (which it doesn't even support) and was instead using an exceptions-in-c/unwind-based approach whose abi we could not duplicate anyway without nasty dwarf2/unwind integration. the new abi is copied from a very old glibc abi, which seems to still be supported/present in current glibc. it avoids all unwinding, whether by sjlj or exceptions, and merely maintains a linked list of cleanup functions to be called from the context of pthread_exit. i've made some care to ensure that longjmp out of a cleanup function should work, even though it is not required to. this change breaks abi compatibility with programs which were using pthread cancellation, which is unfortunate, but that's why i'm making the change now rather than later. considering that most pthread features have not been usable until recently anyway, i don't see it as a major issue at this point.
2011-09-27fix incorrect allocation failure check in pthread_createRich Felker-1/+1
mmap returns MAP_FAILED not 0 because some idiot thought the ability to mmap the null pointer page would be a good idea...
2011-09-18overhaul clone syscall wrappingRich Felker-5/+5
several things are changed. first, i have removed the old __uniclone function signature and replaced it with the "standard" linux __clone/clone signature. this was necessary to expose clone to applications anyway, and it makes it easier to port __clone to new archs, since it's now testable independently of pthread_create. secondly, i have removed all references to the ugly ldt descriptor structure (i386 only) from the c code and pthread structure. in places where it is needed, it is now created on the stack just when it's needed, in assembly code. thus, the i386 __clone function takes the desired thread pointer as its argument, rather than an ldt descriptor pointer, just like on all other sane archs. this should not affect applications since there is really no way an application can use clone with threads/tls in a way that doesn't horribly conflict with and clobber the underlying implementation's use. applications are expected to use clone only for creating actual processes, possibly with new namespace features and whatnot.
2011-08-12pthread and synccall cleanup, new __synccall_wait opRich Felker-5/+1
fix up clone signature to match the actual behavior. the new __syncall_wait function allows a __synccall callback to wait for other threads to continue without returning, so that it can resume action after the caller finishes. this interface could be made significantly more general/powerful with minimal effort, but i'll wait to do that until it's actually useful for something.
2011-08-03further debloat cancellation handlersRich Felker-0/+13
cleanup push and pop are also no-ops if pthread_exit is not reachable. this can make a big difference for library code which needs to protect itself against cancellation, but which is unlikely to actually be used in programs with threads/cancellation.
2011-08-03missed detail in cancellation bloat fixRich Felker-1/+1
2011-08-03fix static linking dependency bloat with cancellationRich Felker-6/+1
previously, pthread_cleanup_push/pop were pulling in all of pthread_create due to dependency on the __pthread_unwind_next function. this was not needed, as cancellation cleanup handlers can never be called unless pthread_exit or pthread_cancel is reachable.
2011-07-30add proper fuxed-based locking for stdioRich Felker-0/+16
previously, stdio used spinlocks, which would be unacceptable if we ever add support for thread priorities, and which yielded pathologically bad performance if an application attempted to use flockfile on a key file as a major/primary locking mechanism. i had held off on making this change for fear that it would hurt performance in the non-threaded case, but actually support for recursive locking had already inflicted that cost. by having the internal locking functions store a flag indicating whether they need to perform unlocking, rather than using the actual recursive lock counter, i was able to combine the conditionals at unlock time, eliminating any additional cost, and also avoid a nasty corner case where a huge number of calls to ftrylockfile could cause deadlock later at the point of internal locking. this commit also fixes some issues with usage of pthread_self conflicting with __attribute__((const)) which resulted in crashes with some compiler versions/optimizations, mainly in flockfile prior to pthread_create.
2011-07-29new attempt at making set*id() safe and robustRich Felker-4/+4
changing credentials in a multi-threaded program is extremely difficult on linux because it requires synchronizing the change between all threads, which have their own thread-local credentials on the kernel side. this is further complicated by the fact that changing the real uid can fail due to exceeding RLIMIT_NPROC, making it possible that the syscall will succeed in some threads but fail in others. the old __rsyscall approach being replaced was robust in that it would report failure if any one thread failed, but in this case, the program would be left in an inconsistent state where individual threads might have different uid. (this was not as bad as glibc, which would sometimes even fail to report the failure entirely!) the new approach being committed refuses to change real user id when it cannot temporarily set the rlimit to infinity. this is completely POSIX conformant since POSIX does not require an implementation to allow real-user-id changes for non-privileged processes whatsoever. still, setting the real uid can fail due to memory allocation in the kernel, but this can only happen if there is not already a cached object for the target user. thus, we forcibly serialize the syscalls attempts, and fail the entire operation on the first failure. this *should* lead to an all-or-nothing success/failure result, but it's still fragile and highly dependent on kernel developers not breaking things worse than they're already broken. ideally linux will eventually add a CLONE_USERCRED flag that would give POSIX conformant credential changes without any hacks from userspace, and all of this code would become redundant and could be removed ~10 years down the line when everyone has abandoned the old broken kernels. i'm not holding my breath...
2011-06-14fix race condition in pthread_killRich Felker-0/+2
if thread id was reused by the kernel between the time pthread_kill read it from the userspace pthread_t object and the time of the tgkill syscall, a signal could be sent to the wrong thread. the tgkill syscall was supposed to prevent this race (versus the old tkill syscall) but it can't; it can only help in the case where the tid is reused in a different process, but not when the tid is reused in the same process. the only solution i can see is an extra lock to prevent threads from exiting while another thread is trying to pthread_kill them. it should be very very cheap in the non-contended case.
2011-06-14run dtors before taking the exit-lock in pthread exitRich Felker-2/+2
previously a long-running dtor could cause pthread_detach to block.
2011-06-14minor locking optimizationsRich Felker-1/+1
2011-05-07optimize out useless default-attribute object in pthread_createRich Felker-7/+7
2011-05-07optimize compound-literal sigset_t's not to contain useless hurd bitsRich Felker-2/+2
2011-05-07overhaul implementation-internal signal protectionsRich Felker-12/+4
the new approach relies on the fact that the only ways to create sigset_t objects without invoking UB are to use the sig*set() functions, or from the masks returned by sigprocmask, sigaction, etc. or in the ucontext_t argument to a signal handler. thus, as long as sigfillset and sigaddset avoid adding the "protected" signals, there is no way the application will ever obtain a sigset_t including these bits, and thus no need to add the overhead of checking/clearing them when sigprocmask or sigaction is called. note that the old code actually *failed* to remove the bits from sa_mask when sigaction was called. the new implementations are also significantly smaller, simpler, and faster due to ignoring the useless "GNU HURD signals" 65-1024, which are not used and, if there's any sanity in the world, never will be used.
2011-04-19move some more code out of pthread_create.cRich Felker-6/+2
this also de-uglifies the dummy function aliasing a bit.
2011-04-17pthread_exit is not supposed to affect cancellabilityRich Felker-2/+0
if the exit was caused by cancellation, __cancel has already set these flags anyway.
2011-04-17fix pthread_exit from cancellation handlerRich Felker-5/+5
cancellation frames were not correctly popped, so this usage would not only loop, but also reuse discarded and invalid parts of the stack.