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previously the external definitions of these functions were omitted on
archs where long double is the same as double, since the code paths in
the math.h macros which would call them are unreachable. however, even
if they are unreachable, the definitions are still mandatory. omitting
them is invalid C, and in the case of a non-optimizing compiler, will
result in a link error.
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per the text accepted for inclusion in POSIX, behavior is unspecified
when any of the access mode bits are set. since it's impossible to
consistently report this usage error (O_RDONLY could not be detected
since its value happens to be zero), the most consistent way to handle
them is just to ignore them.
previously, if a caller erroneously passed O_WRONLY, the resulting
access mode would be O_WRONLY|O_RDWR, which has the value 3, and this
resulted in a file descriptor which rejects both read and write
attempts when it is subsequently used.
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this function is specified to leave the last byte with "unspecified
disposition" when the length is odd, so for the most part correct
programs should not be calling swab with odd lengths. however, doing
so is permitted, and should not write past the end of the destination
buffer.
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patch by Jens Gustedt. this fixes a bug reported by Nadav Har'El. the
underlying issue was that a left-shift by 16 bits after promotion of
unsigned short to int caused integer overflow. while some compilers
define this overflow case as "shifting into the sign bit", doing so
doesn't help; the sign bit then gets extended through the upper bits
in subsequent arithmetic as unsigned long long. this patch imposes a
promotion to unsigned prior to the shift, so that the result is
well-defined and matches the specified behavior.
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commit 5345c9b884e7c4e73eb2c8bb83b8d0df20f95afb added a linked list to
track the FILE streams currently locked (via flockfile) by a thread.
due to a failure to fully link newly added members, removal from the
list could leave behind references which could later result in writes
to already-freed memory and possibly other memory corruption.
implicit stdio locking was unaffected; the list is only used in
conjunction with explicit flockfile locking.
this bug was not present in any releases; it was introduced and fixed
during the same release cycle.
patch by Timo Teräs, who discovered and tracked down the bug.
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This was not caught earlier because gcc incorrectly generates quiet
relational operators that never raise exceptions.
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incorrect behavior occurred only in cases where the input overflows
unsigned long long, not just the (possibly lower) range limit for the
result type. in this case, processing of the '-' sign character was
not suppressed, and the function returned a value of 1 despite setting
errno to ERANGE.
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The new code is a bit simpler and the generated code is about 1KB
smaller (on i386). The basic design was kept including internal
interfaces, TNFA generation was not touched.
The old tre parser had various issues:
[^aa-z]
negated overlapping ranges in a bracket expression were handled
incorrectly (eg [^aa-z] was handled as [^a] instead of [^a-z])
a{,2}
missing lower bound in a counted repetition should be an error,
but it was accepted with broken semantics: a{,2} was treated as
a{0,3}, the new parser rejects it
a{999,}
large min count was not rejected (a{5000,} failed with REG_ESPACE
due to reaching a stack limit), the new parser enforces the
RE_DUP_MAX limit
\xff
regcomp used to accept a pattern with illegal sequences in it
(treated them as empty expression so p\xffq matched pq) the new
parser rejects such patterns with REG_BADPAT or REG_ERANGE
[^b-fD-H] with REG_ICASE
old parser turned this into [^b-fB-F] because of the negated
overlapping range issue (see above), the new parser treats it
as [^b-hB-H], POSIX seems to require [^d-fD-F], but practical
implementations do case-folding first and negate the character
set later instead of the other way around. (Supporting the posix
way efficiently would require significant changes so it was left
as is, it is unclear if any application actually expects the
posix behaviour, this issue is raised on the austingroup tracker:
http://austingroupbugs.net/view.php?id=872 ).
another case-insensitive matching issue is that unicode case
folding rules can group more than two characters together while
towupper and towlower can only work for a pair of upper and
lower case characters, this is a limitation of POSIX so it is
not fixed.
invalid bracket and brace expressions may return different error
codes now (REG_ERANGE instead of REG_EBRACK or REG_BADBR instead
of REG_EBRACE) otherwise the new parser should be compatible with
the old one.
regcomp should be able to handle arbitrary pattern input if the
pattern length is limited, the only exception is the use of large
repetition counts (eg. (a{255}){255}) which require exp amount
of memory and there is no easy workaround.
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the previous commit was a no op in exp10l because LDBL_* macros
were implicitly 0 (the preprocessor does not warn about undefined
symbols).
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__polevll, __p1evll and exp10l were provided on archs when long double
is the same as double. The first two were completely unused and exp10l
can be a wrapper around exp10.
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based on patch by Jens Gustedt.
the main difficulty here is handling the difference between start
function signatures and thread return types for C11 threads versus
POSIX threads. pointers to void are assumed to be able to represent
faithfully all values of int. the function pointer for the thread
start function is cast to an incorrect type for passing through
pthread_create, but is cast back to its correct type before calling so
that the behavior of the call is well-defined.
changes to the existing threads implementation were kept minimal to
reduce the risk of regressions, and duplication of code that carries
implementation-specific assumptions was avoided for ease and safety of
future maintenance.
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Because of the clear separation for private pthread_cond_t these
interfaces are quite simple and direct.
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These all have POSIX equivalents, but aside from tss_get, they all
have minor changes to the signature or return value and thus need to
exist as separate functions.
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The intent of this is to avoid name space pollution of the C threads
implementation.
This has two sides to it. First we have to provide symbols that wouldn't
pollute the name space for the C threads implementation. Second we have
to clean up some internal uses of POSIX functions such that they don't
implicitly drag in such symbols.
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based on patch by Jens Gustedt for inclusion with C11 threads
implementation, but committed separately since it's independent of
threads.
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versionsort64, aio*64 and lio*64 symbols were missing, they are
only needed for glibc ABI compatibility, on the source level
dirent.h and aio.h already redirect them.
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this error resulted in an out-of-bounds read, as opposed to a reported
error, when calling the function with an argument one greater than the
max valid index.
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if the loop stopped due to reaching the end of the string, the
subsequent increment could possibly move the position one past the end
of the buffer. no further writes happen, the reads cannot fault anyway
unless the stack completely lacks any zero bytes, and reading junk
should not yield an incorrect result from the function either.
nonetheless the code was wrong and needs to be fixed.
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the condition was probably intended to be !*p rather than !p, but
neither is needed here. the subsequent code naturally handles the case
where it's already at end of string.
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U+00DF ('ß') has had an uppercase form (U+1E9E) available since
Unicode 5.1, but Unicode lacks the case mappings for it due to
stability policy. when I added support for the new character in commit
1a63a9fc30e7a1f1239e3cedcb5041e5ec1c5351, I omitted the mapping in the
lowercase-to-uppercase direction. this choice was not based on any
actual information, only assumptions.
this commit adds bidirectional case mappings between U+00DF and
U+1E9E, and removes the special-case hack that allowed U+00DF to be
identified as lowecase despite lacking a mapping. aside from strong
evidence that this is the "right" behavior for real-world usage of
these characters, several factors informed this decision:
- the other "potentially correct" mapping, to "SS", is not
representable in the C case-mapping system anyway.
- leaving one letter in lowercase form when transforming a string to
uppercase is obviously wrong.
- having a character which is nominally lowercase but which is fixed
under case mapping violates reasonable invariants.
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per POSIX these functions are both cancellation points, so they must
act on any cancellation request which is pending prior to the call.
previously, only the code path where actual waiting took place could
act on cancellation.
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the outer getnameinfo function already has a properly-sized temporary
buffer for storing the reverse dns (ptr) result. there is no reason
for the callback to use a secondary buffer and copy it on success, and
doing so potentially expanded the impact of the dn_expand bug that was
fixed in commit 49d2c8c6bcf8c926e52c7f510033b6adc31355f5.
this change reduces the code size by a small amount, and also reduces
the run-time stack space requirements by about 256 bytes.
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previously, fgets, fputs, fread, and fwrite completely omitted locking
and access to the FILE object when their arguments yielded a zero
length read or write operation independent of the FILE state. this
optimization was invalid; it wrongly skipped marking the stream as
byte-oriented (a C conformance bug) and exposed observably missing
synchronization (a POSIX conformance bug) where one of these functions
could wrongly complete despite another thread provably holding the
lock.
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the C standard requires that "the contents of the array remain
unchanged" in this case.
this patch also changes the behavior on read errors, but in that case
"the array contents are indeterminate", so the application cannot
inspect them anyway.
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Empty name was rejected in dn_expand since commit
56b57f37a46dab432247bf29d96fcb11fbd02a6d
which is a regression as reported by Natanael Copa.
Furthermore if an offset pointer in a compressed name
pointed to a terminating 0 byte (instead of a label)
the returned name was not null terminated.
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this function is needed for some important practical applications of
ABI compatibility, and may be useful for supporting some non-portable
software at the source level too.
I was hesitant to add a function which imposes any constraints on
malloc internals; however, it turns out that any malloc implementation
which has realloc must already have an efficient way to determine the
size of existing allocations, so no additional constraint is imposed.
for now, some internal malloc definitions are duplicated in the new
source file. if/when malloc is refactored to put them in a shared
internal header file, these could be removed.
since malloc_usable_size is conventionally declared in malloc.h, the
empty stub version of this file was no longer suitable. it's updated
to provide the standard allocator functions, nonstandard ones (even if
stdlib.h would not expose them based on the feature test macros in
effect), and any malloc-extension functions provided (currently, only
malloc_usable_size).
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if there is already a waiter for a lock, spinning on the lock is
essentially an attempt to steal it from whichever waiter would obtain
it via any priority rules in place, and is therefore undesirable. in
the current implementation, there is always an inherent race window at
unlock during which a newly-arriving thread may steal the lock from
the existing waiters, but we should aim to keep this window minimal
rather than enlarging it.
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empirically, this increases the maximum rate of wait/post operations
between two threads by 20-150 times on machines I tested, including
x86 and arm. conceptually, it makes sense to do some spinning because
semaphores are intended to be usable as a notification mechanism
between threads, not just as locks, and low-latency notification is a
valuable property to have.
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the previous spin limit of 10000 was utterly unreasonable.
empirically, it could consume up to 200000 cycles, whereas a failed
futex wait (EAGAIN) typically takes 1000 cycles or less, and even a
true wait/wake round seems much less expensive.
the new counts (100 for general wait, 200 in barrier) were simply
chosen to be in the range of what's reasonable without having adverse
effects on casual micro-benchmark tests I have been running. they may
still be too high, from a standpoint of not wasting cpu cycles, but at
least they're a lot better than before. rigorous testing across
different archs and cpu models should be performed at some point to
determine whether further adjustments should be made.
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this is analogous commit fffc5cda10e0c5c910b40f7be0d4fa4e15bb3f48
which fixed the corresponding issue for mutexes.
the robust list can't be used here because the locks do not share a
common layout with mutexes. at some point it may make sense to simply
incorporate a mutex object into the FILE structure and use it, but
that would be a much more invasive change, and it doesn't mesh well
with the current design that uses a simpler code path for internal
locking and pulls in the recursive-mutex-like code when the flockfile
API is used explicitly.
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for unknown syscall commands, the kernel produces ENOSYS, not EINVAL.
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the subsequent code in pthread_create and the code which copies TLS
initialization images to the new thread's TLS space assume that the
memory provided to them is zero-initialized, which is true when it's
obtained by pthread_create using mmap. however, when the caller
provides a stack using pthread_attr_setstack, pthread_create cannot
make any assumptions about the contents. simply zero-filling the
relevant memory in this case is the simplest and safest fix.
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the main idea of the changes made is to have waiters wait directly on
the "barrier" lock that was used to prevent them from making forward
progress too early rather than first waiting on the atomic state value
and then attempting to lock the barrier.
in addition, adjustments to the mutex waiter count are optimized.
previously, each waking waiter decremented the count (unless it was
the first) then immediately incremented it again for the next waiter
(unless it was the last). this was a roundabout was of achieving the
equivalent of incrementing it once for the first waiter and
decrementing it once for the last.
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previously, wake order could be unpredictable: if a waiter happened to
leave its futex wait on the state early, e.g. due to EAGAIN while
restarting after a signal handler, it could acquire the mutex out of
turn. handling this required ugly O(n) list walking in the unwait
function and accounting to remove waiters that already woke from the
list.
with the new changes, the "barrier" locks in each waiter node are only
unlocked in turn. in addition to simplifying the code, this seems to
improve performance slightly, probably by reducing the number of
accesses threads make to each other's stacks.
as an additional benefit, unrecoverable mutex re-locking errors
(mainly ENOTRECOVERABLE for robust mutexes) no longer need to be
handled with deadlock; they can be reported to the caller, since the
unlocking sequence makes it unnecessary to rely on the mutex to
synchronize access to the waiter list.
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the immediate issue that was reported by Jens Gustedt and needed to be
fixed was corruption of the cv/mutex waiter states when switching to
using a new mutex with the cv after all waiters were unblocked but
before they finished returning from the wait function.
self-synchronized destruction was also handled poorly and may have had
race conditions. and the use of sequence numbers for waking waiters
admitted a theoretical missed-wakeup if the sequence number wrapped
through the full 32-bit space.
the new implementation is largely documented in the comments in the
source. the basic principle is to use linked lists initially attached
to the cv object, but detachable on signal/broadcast, made up of nodes
residing in automatic storage (stack) on the threads that are waiting.
this eliminates the need for waiters to access the cv object after
they are signaled, and allows us to limit wakeup to one waiter at a
time during broadcasts even when futex requeue cannot be used.
performance is also greatly improved, roughly double some tests.
basically nothing is changed in the process-shared cond var case,
where this implementation does not work, since processes do not have
access to one another's local storage.
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when the kernel is responsible for waking waiters on a robust mutex
whose owner died, it does not have a waiters count available and must
rely entirely on the waiter bit of the lock value.
normally, this bit is only set by newly arriving waiters, so it will
be clear if no new waiters arrived after the current owner obtained
the lock, even if there are other waiters present. leaving it clear is
desirable because it allows timed-lock operations to remove themselves
as waiters and avoid causing unnecessary futex wake syscalls. however,
for process-shared robust mutexes, we need to set the bit whenever
there are existing waiters so that the kernel will know to wake them.
for non-process-shared robust mutexes, the wake happens in userspace
and can look at the waiters count, so the bit does not need to be set
in the non-process-shared case.
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when manipulating the robust list, the order of stores matters,
because the code may be asynchronously interrupted by a fatal signal
and the kernel will then access the robust list in what is essentially
an async-signal context.
previously, aliasing considerations made it seem unlikely that a
compiler could reorder the stores, but proving that they could not be
reordered incorrectly would have been extremely difficult. instead
I've opted to make all the pointers used as part of the robust list,
including those in the robust list head and in the individual mutexes,
volatile.
in addition, the format of the robust list has been changed to point
back to the head at the end, rather than ending with a null pointer.
this is to match the documented kernel robust list ABI. the null
pointer, which was previously used, only worked because faults during
access terminate the robust list processing.
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a robust mutex should not enter the unrecoverable status until it's
unlocked without marking it consistent. previously, flag 8 in the type
was used as an indication of unrecoverable, but only honored after
successful locking; this resulted in a race window where the
unrecoverable mutex could appear to a second thread as locked/busy
again while the first thread was in the process of observing it as
unrecoverable.
now, flag 8 is used to mean that the mutex is in the process of being
recovered, but not yet marked consistent. the flag only takes effect
in pthread_mutex_unlock, where it causes the value 0x40000000 (owner
dead flag, with old owner tid 0, an otherwise impossible state) to be
stored in the lock. subsequent lock attempts will interpret this state
as unrecoverable.
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per the resolution of Austin Group issue 755, the POSIX requirement
that ownership be enforced for recursive and error-checking mutexes
does not allow a random new thread to acquire ownership of an orphaned
mutex just because it happened to be assigned the same tid as the
original owner that exited with the mutex locked.
one possible fix for this issue would be to disallow the kernel thread
to terminate when it exited with mutexes held, permanently reserving
the tid against reuse. however, this does not solve the problem for
process-shared mutexes where lifetime cannot be controlled, so it was
not used.
the alternate approach I've taken is to reuse the robust mutex system
for non-robust recursive and error-checking mutexes. when a thread
exits, the kernel (or the new userspace robust-list code added in
commit b092f1c5fa9c048e12d002c7b972df5ecbe96d1d) will set the
owner-died bit for these orphaned mutexes, but since the mutex-type is
not robust, pthread_mutex_trylock will not allow a new owner to
acquire them. instead, they remain in a state of being permanently
locked, as desired.
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the whole point of this locking is to prevent munmap, or mmap with
MAP_FIXED, from deallocating virtual addresses, or changing the
backing a given virtual address refers to, during certain race windows
involving self-synchronized unmapping or destruction of pthread
synchronization objects. there is no need for exclusion in the other
direction, so it suffices to take the lock momentarily and release it
before making the syscall, rather than holding it across the syscall.
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the kernel always uses non-private wake when walking the robust list
when a thread or process exits, so it's not able to wake waiters
listening with the private futex flag. this problem is solved by doing
the equivalent in userspace as the last step of pthread_exit.
care is taken to remove mutexes from the robust list before unlocking
them so that the kernel will not attempt to access them again,
possibly after another thread locks them. this removal code can treat
the list as singly-linked, since no further code which would add or
remove items is able to run at this point. moreover, the pending
pointer is not needed since the mutexes being unlocked are all
process-local; in the case of asynchronous process termination, they
all cease to exist.
since a process-local robust mutex cannot come into existence without
a call to pthread_mutexattr_setrobust in the same process, the code
for userspace robust list processing is put in that source file, and
a weak alias to a dummy function is used to avoid pulling in this
bloat as part of pthread_exit in static-linked programs.
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private-futex uses the virtual address of the futex int directly as
the hash key rather than requiring the kernel to resolve the address
to an underlying backing for the mapping in which it lies. for certain
usage patterns it improves performance significantly.
in many places, the code using futex __wake and __wait operations was
already passing a correct fixed zero or nonzero flag for the priv
argument, so no change was needed at the site of the call, only in the
__wake and __wait functions themselves. in other places, especially
where the process-shared attribute for a synchronization object was
not previously tracked, additional new code is needed. for mutexes,
the only place to store the flag is in the type field, so additional
bit masking logic is needed for accessing the type.
for non-process-shared condition variable broadcasts, the futex
requeue operation is unable to requeue from a private futex to a
process-shared one in the mutex structure, so requeue is simply
disabled in this case by waking all waiters.
for robust mutexes, the kernel always performs a non-private wake when
the owner dies. in order not to introduce a behavioral regression in
non-process-shared robust mutexes (when the owning thread dies), they
are simply forced to be treated as process-shared for now, giving
correct behavior at the expense of performance. this can be fixed by
adding explicit code to pthread_exit to do the right thing for
non-shared robust mutexes in userspace rather than relying on the
kernel to do it, and will be fixed in this way later.
since not all supported kernels have private futex support, the new
code detects EINVAL from the futex syscall and falls back to making
the call without the private flag. no attempt to cache the result is
made; caching it and using the cached value efficiently is somewhat
difficult, and not worth the complexity when the benefits would be
seen only on ancient kernels which have numerous other limitations and
bugs anyway.
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C99 6.10.3p11 disallows such constructs
so use an #ifdef outside of the argument list of __syscall
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isspace can be a bottleneck in a simple parser, inlining it
gives slightly smaller and faster code
src/locale/pleval.o already had this optimization, the size
change for other libc functions for i386 is
src/internal/intscan.o 2134 2118 -16
src/locale/dcngettext.o 1562 1552 -10
src/network/res_msend.o 1961 1940 -21
src/network/lookup_name.o 2627 2608 -19
src/network/getnameinfo.o 1814 1811 -3
src/network/lookup_serv.o 643 624 -19
src/stdio/vfscanf.o 2675 2663 -12
src/stdlib/atoll.o 117 107 -10
src/stdlib/atoi.o 95 91 -4
src/stdlib/atol.o 95 91 -4
src/time/strptime.o 1515 1503 -12
(TOTALS) 432451 432321 -130
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when the dynamic loader is disabled, dlopen fails correctly but dlerror
did not return a human readable error string like it should have.
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